Received 28.01.2022
Revised 02.04.2022
Accepted 29.05.2022
Retrieved from Vol. 25, No. 1, 2022
Pages 116 -123
Abstract
It was established that the statute of 1884 transformed universities from free institutions into “semi-free” ones. After the adoption of the reactionary statute, the teacher’s authority drops sharply, young people no longer perceive them as their mentors, do not trust their word, and rarely attend classes. The organizational autonomy of Kharkiv University is characterized: the competence of the council is narrowed; the main power over students; the election of higher officials of the educational institution was abolished and restored only in 1905; the rector had no right to resolve issues related to university life without prior agreement with the trustee; the teachers were chosen by the ministry, while the scientific achievements of the candidate for the position were often taken into account, and his obedience to the authorities. The academic autonomy of Kharkiv University is analyzed: teachers had no influence on the management of the university in accordance with the new charter; there was a need to restore the former authority of professors at the expense of a wider organization of practical classes, the establishment of scientific and literary circles, and the arrangement of student dormitories. In connection with this, the professors had to work in a difficult atmosphere, which did not contribute to the rise of their spirit and energy, but even under such conditions, the teachers tried to conscientiously fulfill their duty and be scientifically productive. It became possible to obtain a scientific degree without defending a dissertation (Honoris causa). The organizational autonomy of Kyiv University is highlighted: in the process of selecting candidates for the positions of rectors, deans, and professors, the ministry was guided by the so-called “benevolence” of applicants, which is why many progressive scientists ended up outside higher educational institutions. “Temporary Rules on the Management of Higher Educational Institutions of the Ministry of National Education” (1905), the draft of the new charter returned a certain independence to universities: the university council had the right to elect the rector, adjuncts, professors, faculty meetings – deans and secretaries; the management of the inspection passed to the powers of the rector, the duties of the inspector were performed by the vice-rector, who was appointed from among the professors. The academic autonomy of Kyiv University is represented: the educational process was controlled by the trustee and the Minister of Education; the schedule of classes had to be approved by the ministry; the educational activity of the professorial board was subject to careful inspection. The Ministry, noting the negative impact of the statute on the development of science and the educational process, was forced to turn to educators with a request to express proposals for improving the requirements that universities should be guided by in their activities. As a result, a number of notes-answers of professors, in particular of Kyiv University, were published, in the content of which the strengthening of the autonomy of higher educational institutions is justified in order to improve the quality of the educational process
Keywords:
university; organizational autonomy; academic autonomy; charter; autonomy; collegiality of the professorial corporation[1] Bagaley, D.I., Sumtsov, N.F., & Buzeskul, V.P. (1906). A brief sketch of the history of Kharkov University for the first 100 years of its existence (1805-1905). Kharkov: Tipography of Adolf Darre.
[2] Department of Police. (1905, September 9). On the election of rectors in Kharkiv higher educational institutions. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (CSHAU).
[3] Former employees of Kharkiv University. (1905). Petition to the governor about their unfair dismissal from the university and an investigation of their case. State Archive of Kharkiv Region.
[4] General Directorate for Press Affairs. (1899, March 15). Circular to the Kharkiv Governor prohibiting the publication of announcements issued by the administration of higher educational institutions without proper permission. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (CSHAU).
[5] Jagich, I. (1901). Letter of gratitude to Kharkiv University for the honor shown to him after his sharp criticism of the Russian government's actions towards students. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (CSHAU).
[6] Kosinova, G.O. (2003). Kharkiv University in the late XIX - early XX century. Kharkiv.
[7] Kyiv Allied Council of United Communities and Organizations. (1899, December 15). Corporate Honor, condemning the licentious lifestyle of part of the student body. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (CSHAU).
[8] Kyiv Allied Council of United Communities and Organizations. (1902, January 24). Flyer protesting the introduction of "temporary rules for the organization of student institutions" and demanding university autonomy. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (CSHAU).
[9] Professors of Kyiv University (M. Khandrikov & O. Eichelman). (1894, April 9). Letter to the rector about university management against the university charter. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (CSHAU).
[10] Siropolko, S. (2001). History of Education in Ukraine (2nd ed.). Lviv: Afisha.
[11] Students of Kharkiv University. (1905). Petition to the rector with requests to appoint a different examiner instead of Professor F. Patenko, provide assistance to students and staff, admit auditors and full-time students. State Archive of Kharkiv Region.
[12] Teachers. (1906). Appeal of teachers who graduated from teaching institutes to the Council of Professors of Kharkiv University with a request for admission to higher education. State Archive of Kharkiv Region.
[13] Zhmudskyi, О.Z. (1959). History of Kyiv University. Kyiv: Kyiv University Press.